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Understanding Motor Oils
Here is a very informative article on “understanding motor oils.” I have found it in one of my 1980’s Alfa Owner’s. We all know bits and pieces, but here is the whole story. The article is written by John Hoard who is the Supervisor at Optimum Drive & Emissions in the Advance Engine section of Ford Engineering in Dearborn.
The oil you put into your engine is a surprisingly complex product, the result of a continuing evolution which began with the industrial age. In your car, you expect to change the oil at long and perhaps irregular intervals and still have long engine life in spite of heat, cold, dirt, friction and wear.
The most basic job of the oil is lubrication, but it also has to do some cooling, absorb combustion byproducts, avoid contamination of other engine components and not cost too much. Let’s look at the varying requirements.
Lubrication
The oil is there mainly to keep moving parts in the engine from wearing each other out. The subject of lubrication (actually, tribology, even though that sounds like the stubby of Native Americans…) can occupy several textbooks, but we’ll take a brief look at it. There are two fundamental modes of lubrication- hydrodynamic and boundary lubrication.
In hydrodynamic lubrication, the moving parts are separated by a film of liquid oil and the parts do not directly contact each other. This is the most desirable form of lubrication. You might imagine this as the same effect as a water skier in water- the skis do not touch anything except the water and the friction is relatively low. This is achieved, for instance, in the main and connecting rod big end bearings. The crankshaft spins inside the bearing shells and oil is pumped into the clearance gap. Because of the shearing motion, oil is drawn along the two surfaces, generating high pressures which keep the parts separated by the oil film. The friction here is relatively low and is caused by the shearing of the oil film, not by the parts rubbing together.
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